• ᖁᓕᓪᓗ ᓯᑕᒪᓪᓘᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᒃ
  • ᐅᒥᐅᔭᖅ
  • ᑲᖏᕐᓱᐊᓗᑦᔪᐊᖅ
  • ᑰᑦᔪᐊᖅ
  • ᑕᓯᐅᔭᖅ
  • ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃ
  • ᑲᖏᕐᓱᒃ
  • ᖁᐊᕐᑕᖅ
  • ᑲᖏᕐᓱᔪᐊᖅ
  • ᓴᓪᓗᐃᑦ
  • ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒃ
  • ᐊᑯᓕᕕᒃ
  • ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᖅ
  • ᐃᓄᑦᔪᐊᖅ
  • ᑰᑦᔪᐊᕌᐱᒃ

• ᐊᓐᓂᕆᔭᕗᑦ

• ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᓇᓃᓐᓂᖓ

• ᓯᓚᕐᕈᐊᕗᑦ ᐅᐱᒋᕙᕗᑦ

• ᐆᒪᒍᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᕗᑦ ᑕᒪᑦᔭ

• ᐅᖃᐅᓰᑦ

ᓄᓇᒃ

ᑰᑦᔪᐊᕌᐱᒃ

ᑰᑦᔪᐊᕌᐱᒃ ᐊᑎᖓ ᐃᒫᒃ ᑐᑭᓕᒃ «ᑰᒃ ᒥᑭᔪᖅ». ᑕᒫᓂ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐹᒍᑦᓱᓂ ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨᓄᑦ ᑎᑭᑕᐅᓲᒍᓐᓂᒪᑦ ᑯᑎᐅᑉ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᕆᐊᕐᑐᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨ. ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕙᓪᓗᖅ ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨ, ᑎᓱᕿ $ᕿᑲᕿᑭᕿᓴᖁ ᐱ.(. ᐱᖑᓗᑎᓕᓴ, ᕕ1[. ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᖃᑦᑕᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᑦ; ᑲᒃᑲᓛᖏᑦ ᐸᑦᑎᓱᒋᑦ ᐊᑎᑖᕐᑎᓱᒋᑦ. ᐅᕙᖓᓕ ᐃᓅᓕᕐᑐᕕᓂᐅᒐᓗᐊᕐᓱᖓ ᔭᓄᐊᕆ 1, 1914-ᒥ, ᑌᑦᓱᒧᖓ ᐸᑦᑎᑕᕕᓂᐅᕗᖓ 1917-ᒥ, ᐸᑦᑎᑕᐅᒍᑎᕕᓂᒃᑲ ᐱᒋᕙᒃᑲ ᓱᓕ ᐅᑭᐅᖃᓕᕋᓗᐊᕐᓱᖓ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᐅᔪᕐᑐᓗ ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᖕᖏᒐᕐᑐᓘᓂᒃ.

ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨ ᑌᓐᓇ ᐸᑦᑎᓯᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᓄᑕᕋᕐᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᕐᑖᑎᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᕕ2[ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃᐅᑦᔭᖏᑦᑐᐃᑦ. ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᑐᑭᓕᒃ .ᖃᓪᓗᒥᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᑦᓯᐊᑐᐃᑦ».[ ᐊᑎᑦᓴᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐸᑦᑎᑕᐅᓂᒃᑯᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ᐊᑎᖃᕋᓗᐊᕐᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᑎᑎᑦᓯᓱᓂ ᓄᓕᐊᕇᑐᖃᕐᓂᒃ ᓄᓕᐊᕇᓚᖓᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᒋᐊᓕᑌᓐᓇᑐᓂᒃ, ᐸᑦᑎᓯᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᑐᖃᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᓂᖏᐅᕐᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᓗ ᑲᒃᑲᓛᓂᓪᓗ ᓄᑕᕋᕐᓂᓗ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒋᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᑐᓴᕆᐅᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᒎᑎᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᔩᓱᓯᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᑐᓴᓕᑌᓐᓇᓱᑎᒃ 1910-1920 ᒃ ᐊᑯᓐᓂᖓᓂ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ. ᑌᒣᒻᒪᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐅᕐᓯᒪᓕᕋᒥ ᕕ3[, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒫᓂ ᑕᓯᐅᔭᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᓯᓈᓂᒥᐅᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᐸᓚᐅᕐᑐᑦ ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨᑦᑕᓕᒻᒧᑦ. ᐅᑭᐅᓕᒫᖅ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓚᒌᓕᒫᒍᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᕿᒧᒃᓯᑯᑦ (ᕿᒧᒃᓰᑦ ᖃᒧᑎᖓ). ᑦ ᐃᑦᑐᖏ ᕕ4[ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ ᐯᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐅᐱᕐᖔᒍᓕᕐᐸᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐅᑎᓛᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ. ᕿᔪᓐᓂᓗ ᓇᐹᕐᑐᕕᓂᕐᓂᒃ ᖃᔭᒃᓴᑯᒥᓂᒃ ᐅᓯᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ᑕᕐᕋᖅ ᓇᐹᕐᑐᖃᑦᔭᖏᒻᒪᑦ.

ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨᑦᑕᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᕌᐱᒃ, ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᓂᕐᐸᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᓂᐅᕕᕐᕕᖃᕐᓱᓂᓗ - ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐹᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑕᓯᐅᔭᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᓯᓈᓂᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᓂᕐᐹᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.

ᑰᑦᔪᐊᕌᐱᒃ ᑕᒐᑕᒐ ᐊᖏᓂᕐᐸᐅᔭᒍᓐᓀᖁᖅ ᑕᓯᐅᔭᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᓯᓈᓂᒥᐅᓂᑦ, ᐃᓄᖏᑦ ᐊᕕᒃᓯᒪᓕᕐᒪᑕ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐅᒥᐅᔭᕐᒧᑦ ᓄᓇᒧᑦ ᓄᑖᒧᑦ ᓅᑦᓯᒪᓕᕐᒪᑕ. ᖃᓪᓗᓈᖏᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᓂᕐᐸᐅᒐᓗᐊᑦ ᓱᓕ ᑕᓯᐅᔭᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᓯᓈᓂᒥᐅᓂᑦ.

ᐊᓪᓚᑐᖅ ᑖᒧᓯ ᖁᒪᖅ 1992

ᕕ1[ ᐅᐃᓕᐊ ᒃᓛᑦᓯᑑᓐ ᕚᓪᑕᓐ 9ᐱᓂᓗᓗᓂᖑᒪ (ᓗᖑᖁᐅᑎᓕᓴᕿ ᐱᖑᓗᑎᓕᓴ0 ᐃᓅᓕᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᐴᒥᖕᖄᒻᒥ, ᐃᓐᒃᓚᓐᒥ, ᖃᐅᔨᕚᓪᓕᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᐱᒐᓱᐊᕈᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᖃᓕᕐᓱᓂ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᐅᔪᕐᑐᓗ ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᖕᖏᒐᕐᑐᓂᒃ. ᑌᒪ ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᑦᓴᐅᑎᒋᓂᐊᓕᕋᒥ ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨᓂ ᐃᓚᐅᒍᒪᓕᕐᓱᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓃᑦᑐᓂᒃ, ᑌᒪ ᑎᑭᓂᐊᓕᕋᒥ ᒣᓚᓯᒃᑯᓄᑦ (ᕗᐊᑦ ᔪᐊᑦᓯᒧᑦ) 1892-ᒍᑎᓗᒍ. ᐊᐅᓚᔪᕕᓂᖅ ᐊᕐᕌᒎᑉ ᑕᕐᕿᖏᑦᑕ ᐱᖓᓲᔪᕐᑐᖏᓐᓂ, ᐳᓚᕋᕐᓱᓂ ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᔭᐅᓕᕐᒪᑦ, ᖃᔭᕐᑐᓱᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐳᓚᕋᕐᓱᓂ ᐅᑭᐅᒍᓕᕐᒪᑦ, ᕿᒧᑦᓯᑯᑦ. ᐊᕐᓇᖓ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᖃᓂᑦᑕᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᐅᐃᓕᐊᒥᒃ, ᓯᖏᑦᓯᖃᑦᑕᓱᓂ ᒣᓚᓯᒃᑯᓂ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓯᒪᓕᑐᐊᕐᒪᑦ. ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ᑐᓵᔨᐅᖃᑦᑕᑐᕕᓃᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᒐᓛᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᖕᖑᑎᑦᓯᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᑎᑑᓕᕐᑎᕆᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᑦᑎᑑᓕᕐᑎᕆᑦᓱᑎᒃ. ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨ ᕚᓪᑕᓐ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᓪᓛᑦ ᐅᖓᓯᑦᑐᐊᓗᒻᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᖃᑦᑕᑐᕕᓃᑦ ᐱᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᑕᓯᐅᔭᕐᔪᐊᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᕗᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᑕᕆᐅᖓᓃᑦᑐᐃᑦ ᑐᓴᕆᐊᕐᑐᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐸᑦᑎᑕᐅᒋᐊᕐᑐᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᑎᑎᑕᐅᒋᐊᕐᑐᓱᑎᓗ. ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᐊᕙᑏᑦ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᐅᔪᕐᑐᓗ ᒪᕐᕉᓗ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ, ᐱᓇᓱᒍᓐᓀᓱᓂ 1924-ᒥ

ᕕ2[ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃᐅᑦᔭᖏᑦᑐᐃᑦ. ᐅᖃᐅᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᑐᑭᓕᒃ «ᖃᓪᓗᒥᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᑦᓯᐊᑐᐃᑦ»

ᕕ3[ ᑌᒣᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐊᓯᖓ ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨ ᐊᑎᖓ ᐱᐊᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓯᒪᓕᕇᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᓱᓂ 1870-ᐅᑉ ᒥᑦᓵᓂ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᕌᐱᒻᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓗᐊᕐᑐᒥ ᕿᓚᓗᒐᕐᓯᐅᕕᒻᒥ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᑕᐅᑦᓯᐊᓂᖕᖏᑐᐃᑦ ᑖᑦᓱᒧᖓ.

ᕕ4[ ᖃᐅᔨᒋᐊᓪᓚᕈᒪᑐᐊᕈᕕᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᕿᒧᑦᓯᑐᐃᑦ ᒥᑦᓵᓄᑦ ᑕᑯᓗᑎᑦ ᒪᑉᐱᒐᖅ 1990 ᐊᑐᐊᒐ3i.